Was Darwin a racist?

By Abdur Rahman

This is a response to AronRa’s video “Racial Darwinism”. My intention is not to just refute him – there are plenty of refutations of him, here and here – but rather to educate the Muslims. My intention is also to make a video with Subboor on this topic and thus this article serves as a supplement to the video. It must be noted that I am not here to defend the creationist’s worldview nor the alleged crimes they committed, rather, I am simply asking and answering the question whether Darwin was a racist person and whether Hitler was an evolutionist. These questions are not limited to any partisan group. I use the acronym “TS” to refer to the time stamps on AronRa’s video and “n.” for native. Finally, this article is not an exhaustive refutation of AronRa, but as already mentioned, a supplement to the video. The reason being is because AronRa used photos and it would be difficult to comment on each photo with the texts within them, thus it’s easier to review them by video than by writing about them.

AronRa’s video is, consciously or unconsciously, split into three segments: roughly the first five minutes dedicated to show racism preceded Darwin, the next five minutes dedicated to Adolf Hitler whilst the remaining ten to Charles Darwin. His main points can be summed up into three: (1) racism preceded Darwin (2) Hitler was not an evolutionist and finally (3) Darwin was not a racist. For each point he shares what he considers to be relevant evidences. Unquestionably, there is no doubt regarding point one. Point two and three, on the other hand, are simply false. 

Here I will simply argue that Darwin was a racist and indeed Hitler was an evolutionist. A point by point refutation of his video is, to re-mention it again, to be done on a video and not here. 

Since AronRa began with Hitler before Darwin, I think its appropriate to follow his method. He claims that Hitler was a creationist (TS 8:26-9:12) and even banned Darwin’s books (TS 9:47-10:08) thus how can Hitler be an evolutionist? He would have been right if only his main points were correct. Hitler was the dictator of Germany and all dictators have close friends they trust – or as they are known as the ‘confidant’. Hitler’s confidant, Otto Wagener, after World War II, wrote his diary Hitler: Memoirs of a Confidant (1985). In his memoir, he makes clear that Hitler believed “Everywhere in life only a process of selection can prevail. Among the animals, among plants, wherever observations have been made, basically the stronger, the better survives.” By now it is clear its evolutionary but Wagener carries on. “Selection therefore runs a natural course. As Darwin correctly proved:  the choice is not made by some agency – nature chooses.” [Wagener, p. 40]. Hitler himself provided a long evolutionary account of world history in his book, Second Book (a separate book from Mein Kampf). In it, he says,

“The history of the world in the ages when humans did not yet exist was initially a representation of geological occurrences. The clash of natural forces with each other, the formation of a habitable surface on this planet, the separation of water and land, the formation of the mountains, plains, and the seas. That is the history of the world during this time. Later, with the emergence of organic life, human interest focuses on the appearance and disappearance of its thousandfold forms. Man himself finally becomes visible very late, and from that point on he begins to understand the term ‘world history’ as referring primarily to the history of his own development – in other words, the representation of his own evolution. This development is characterised by the never-ending battle of humans against animals and also against humans themselves. Finally, out of the unclear tangle of individual beings, formations rise – families, tribes, peoples, states. The portrayal of their genesis and dissolution alone is the replication of the eternal struggle for survival.” [Weikart, p. 231].

Three years before Hitler would commit suicide, he was among his henchmen discussing vegetarianism – Hitler was a vegetarian [Kershaw, vol 1, p. 261-2] – and in order to prove the superiority of vegetarianism, Hitler said “The apes, our relatives in antiquity, are pure herbivores.” [Weikart, p. 241. My emphasis].

In 1927, in his talk “What is Nazim?”, Hitler spoke against pacifism because life is all about struggle for existence and then said that humans are,

“…the product of this struggle. If your ancestors had not fought, today you would be an animal. They did not gain their rights through peaceful debates with wild animals, and later perhaps also with humans, through the comparative adjustment of relations by a pacifist court of arbitration, but rather the earth has been acquired on the basis of the right of the stronger.” [Weikart, p. 234].

Many more quotations could be cited and they all explicitly betray the claim that Hitler was a creationist. Scholars on Hitler and Nazism have for years noticed the connection between social Darwinism and Hitler’s belief, for example: Ian Kershaw, Joachim C. Fest, Richard J. Evans and Alan Bullock. [Kershaw, vol 1, pp. 288, 290, 296; vol 2, p. 19 and Fest, pp. 154, 319, 437 and Evans, pp. 34-35, 451 and Bullock, pp. 389 and 398]. AronRa’s argument that Hitler was a creationist is based on a blatant misreading of Mein Kampf, in which he merely cherry picks words and makes a story out of it rather than letting the context speak for itself. There is no question that evolution is clear in Mein Kampf. As a matter of fact, the historian Ian Kershaw said that the ideology of Hitler in both Mein Kampf and Second Book was “social-Darwinist and racially determinist.” [Kershaw, vol 2, p. 19]. 

AronRa’s second point is that Hitler allegedly banned and even ordered Darwin’s books to be burnt [TS 9:48-9:53]. To understand this, you must know where AronRa gets his information from. AronRa relies heavily on an evangelical evolutionary site, TalkOrigin, which fed him the nonsense regarding Hitler banning Darwin’s books (note: they never mention burning). The information is based on a misunderstanding. The Manchester Guardian and Northern Whig newspapers in 1933, reported in capital letters, 

“NAZIS BAN DARWIN AND FREUD”

But how much truth is in that? TalkOrigin got their information from “When Books Burn” website which appears to be part of the library of Arizona. The website provides translated documents from the Nazi period, more specifically, an article in a Nazi journal Der Bücherei. The article lists books for “purification” – i.e. to be banned. Yet before delving into the article, the website humbly states “What was forbidden? What was burned? It is difficult to say for sure…” Right from the get go, the reference AronRa relies on does not even agree with him. Worse, the same website relies on Leonidas Hill’s chapter in The Holocaust and The Book. Hill says that the Nazi’s pillars were “Romanticism, nationalism, racism, social Darwinism, and antimodernism…” and to combat Jewish economic influence, the Nazis “believed that only a colossal social Darwinistic struggle could prevent the conspiracy of Jewish capitalists and financiers from gaining economic control of the globe…” [Hill, 2001, p. 10. My emphasis]. Before even glancing at Der Bücherei, we already see that the reference which TalkOrigin relies on is tenuous and in fact contradictory. 

Coming to Der Bücherei, nowhere does it mention that Darwin’s books are to be banned. It merely mentions that the books to be banned are,

“Writings of philosophical and social nature [of]… primitive Darwinism and Monism.”

Nobody knows what “primitive Darwinism” is but what must be noted is that any other non-primitive Darwinism was not banned and since Darwin was not mentioned by name, it would be disingenuous to make the claim that any of Darwin’s literature was banned. AronRa specifically said that Hitler “banned” and “ordered” Darwin’s books to be burnt [TS 9:48-9:53]. With such a claim, there must be a document officially signed by Hitler or any official of the Nazi state. Does he have such a document? 

Further evidence to why Darwinism was far from being banned, Darwinism was explicitly taught in Nazi schools. If evolution was banned, you would expect the story of Adam and Eve to be popularised but we see the very opposite. I have in my possession a number of Nazi biology textbooks which were used at the time. I will share a few authors and some illustration to drive the point home. The famous authors, Karl Zimmermann and Erich Meyer, wrote (as far as I’m aware) four volumes of Lebenskunde. They were biology textbooks endorsed by the Nazi state. Hans Schemm, the appointed minister of education in Bavaria by Hitler [Kershaw, vol 1, p. 462], wrote a short preface on it. Lebenskunde is filled with evolution. Apparently, Hans Schemm, the ministry of education of Bavaria, was unaware of the ban. Of course, Lebenskunde is not the only one, Biologie by Dr. O. Steche, Dr. E. Stengel and M. Wagner also contains evolutionary stories. Biologie für höhere schulen by Jakob Graf and finally Stammesgeschichte der Menschheit by the well-known evolutionary anthropologist professor Hans Weinert. All of them and countless more books for schools and otherwise, were published under the Nazi state. It would simply be nonsensical to state that evolution was condemned to the fire whilst it was taught in schools concurrently. The analogy that Hitler was not an evolutionist and that Hitler or the state banned evolution is tantamount to denying Hitler was anti-Jewish. Flimsy, out-of-context and even contradictory evidences cannot push the reality away that Hitler was an evolutionist and the state taught evolution.

Coming to AronRa’s final segment which is dedicated to Darwin, he makes one main point: Darwin was not a racist. He lists various reasons for that which are, as follows: 

(1) He was an abolitionist [TS 17:39-42].

(2) Was a monogenist [TS 11:20-28].

(3) Darwin believed all races of men are not separate species [TS 11:55-12:09].

(4) Believed in racial equality [TS 11:55-12:09 and 16:14-22].

(5) Darwin believed the genocide of the native Australians to be “tragic” [TS 17:00-11]. 

(6) Darwin wished to never go to a “slave-country” [TS 17:39-42].

Besides the first three, the rest are nothing but blatant mistruths. There is not even a mustard of truth to the remaining three. Nevertheless, let’s examine the first three a little further. 

Firstly, Darwin was an abolitionist because he abhorred slavery but abhorring slavery did not, at that time at least, mean you abhorred colonialism, racial extermination and, by extension, racism. Thomas Henry Huxley was also an abolitionist but he was an explicit racist [Zitzer, 2017, p. 29-30; Desmond, 1998]. 

Secondly, AronRa pushes a baseless claim that the acceptance of Darwin’s theory somehow led to a more monogenistic worldview among academia, so much so that Darwin’s prediction of “…the dispute between the monogenists and the polygenists will die a silent and unobserved death” have become a reality today [TS 14:30-42]. However, Darwin’s theory only justified polygenism further since Darwinism was and is compatible with both mono- and polygenistic theories [Jahoda, p. 76; Allan, J. M, 1869, p. 178]. Between late 19^th century till mid-20^th century, there was a plethora of human evolutionary theories, many of them polygenistic [Delisle, 2016]. What ultimately led to the demise of polygenism was the horrors of World War II – in other words, social pressure not Darwin’s theory, pushed polygenism away (though it’s not gone, it is simply considered “racist” to be a polygenist. When society changes, polygenism will return).

Finally, it is true that Darwin believed all races of men are one specie but that does not in any way determine conclusively whether the person is a racist or not. Just because Darwin did not distinguish the races of men as separate species does not mean he did not distinguish them as subspecies (or just “race”) in which the white “civilised” race is at the top whilst the blacks – Fuegians, native Australians, native Americans and “certain negro tribes” to use Darwin’s own terms – are at the bottom based on their alleged inferiority anatomically, intellectually and morally. In the words of Darwin’s biographers “He [Darwin] thought blacks inferior but was sickened by slavery…” [Desmond & Moore, 1992, p. xix].

As for the remaining three, I will go through them one by one. 

Nowhere, not in any of Darwin’s works or his letters, especially after the Beagle voyage, did he ever proclaim the equality of races. I could extract quotes inexorably but suffice to share a few. In a letter to Joseph Hooker prior to publishing Origin, Darwin denies that there is any hierarchy when it comes to plants and animals (though he was not even consistent in that as Origin would show later on),

“…except in classes which can loosely be compared to man.” [Darwin to Hooker, 31/12/1858]

In the very quote which AronRa quotes [TS 12:43] it explicitly excludes ‘certain negro tribes’ from having similar anatomy from the rest of mankind. Darwin wrote that when it comes to taxonomy, he will use the “generally-admitted principles to the races of man…” and he concludes,

“Even the most distinct races of man, with the exception of certain negro tribes, are much like each other in form than would at first be supposed.” [Darwin, 2013 p. 168. My emphasis]  

AronRa somehow concludes after reading this passage (and the remaining sentences with his cherry-picked highlighted words) as proof Darwin believed in the equality of all men rather than the opposite! Darwin did not base this conclusion on nothing. One of his evidence is the fact that when humans evolved from the common ancestor, man’s feet must “have been rendered flat, and the great toe peculiarly modified, though this has entailed the loss of the power of prehension.” At first glance, this appears non-racial, a general observation which must have happened if man evolved from a common ancestor. However, Darwin carries on and wrote that,

“With some savages, however, the foot has not altogether lost its prehensile power, as shewn by their manner of climbing trees and of using them in other ways.” [Darwin, 2013, p. 106]

Darwin even added a reference to prove this point. The reference is from none other than Darwin’s German counterpart Ernst Haeckel, who is an explicit racist. [Desmond & Moore, 1992, ch. 36]. Instead of combating the racism in Haeckel’s book, Darwin wholeheartedly recommended it and stated“if this [Haeckel’s Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte] work had appeared before my essay had been written, I should probably never have completed it.” [Darwin, 2013, p. 5]

Not only did he claim that the so-called savages were anatomically closer to the common ancestor by providing pseudo-scientific evidences, such as the retaining of the prehension power among “some savages” as mentioned above, but he also dwelled into the difference between the intelligence & consciousness of the so-called civilised and savage races. For example, Darwin had a peculiar racist view towards the native Australians, claiming that the wife of a “degraded Australian savage, who uses hardly any abstract words and cannot count above four…” can hardly “…exert her self-consciousness, or reflect on the nature of her own existence.” [Darwin, 2013, p. 48, see also p. 29] What is even more dreadful is that he contrasted the n. Australian’s alleged lack of individuality, consciousness and abstraction to an old dog.

He continues on the next page that “most savages” admire “hideous ornaments and… equally hideous music…” Once again, this would appear to be a mere opinion since everyone has different taste of music and sense of beauty, or ornaments as Darwin said. However, Darwin carries on and wrote,

“…it might be urged that their [savages’] aesthetic faculty was not so highly developed as in certain animals, for instance, in birds…” [Darwin, 2013 p. 49. My emphasis]

Darwin did not end there, he droned on, as if he had to mention that animals are not,

“…capable of admiring such scenes as the heavens at night, a beautiful landscape, or refined music; but such high tastes, depending as they do on culture and complex associations, are not enjoyed by barbarians or by uneducated persons.” [Ibid. My emphasis]. 

Apparently, “barbarians” (a term which Darwin used to refer to the races of n. Americans and Fuego de Tierra) are incapable of admiring “high tastes” such as the night sky, beautiful landscapes and refined music. It is incredible that even when it comes to activities, he would categorise them as high or low, and the “barbarous” races of man, who are low, cannot admire “high tastes.” A salient point that should be noted is the categorisation of the ‘barbarians’ and the uneducated in the same category – a tenacious myth in many forms that still is with us today, i.e. blacks are uneducated. As a matter of fact, Darwin had to mention near the end of his book that those who do not ponder over “the phenomena of nature” is “like a savage”,

“He who is not content to look, like a savage, at the phenomena of nature as disconnected, cannot any longer believe that man is the work of a separate act of creation.” [Darwin, 2013, p. 633. My emphasis]. 

Of course, Darwin had to provide an evolutionary explanation as to why “savages” are uneducated and incapable of enjoying life like the civilised races. This, according to Darwin, is ultimately connected to their mental faculties. He provides three main reasons, which I will simply quote and let you decide whether it is racist or not. 

“The chief causes of the low morality of savages, as judged by our standards, are, firstly, the confinement of sympathy to the same tribe. Secondly, insufficient powers of reasoning, so that the bearing of many virtues, especially of the self-regarding virtues, on the general welfare of the tribe is not recognised. Savages, for instance, fail to trace the multiplied evils consequent on a want of temperance, chastity, &c. And, thirdly, weak power of self-command; for this power has not been strengthened through long-continued, perhaps inherited, habit, instruction and religion.” [Darwin, 2013, p. 74. My emphasis].

I believe I do not need to explain why believing savages have “insufficient powers of reasoning” and “weak power of self-command” is racist. What shocks me personally is that Darwin met “savages” & “barbarians” and many of them helped him. Yet, years later, Darwin dared to write that “sympathy” among savages are restricted to only the members of their tribe and not to those outside of the tribe – something which only the “civilised races” can do according to him. In fact, Darwin provides a long example to prove that “savages” do not help those who are outside of their tribe by sharing a story of a drowning man,

“It is evident in the first place, that with mankind the instinctive impulses have different degrees of strength; a savage will risk his own life to save that of a member of the same community, but will be wholly indifferent about a stranger: a young and timid mother urged by the maternal instinct will, without a moment’s hesitation, run the greatest danger for her own infant, but not for a mere fellow-creature. Nevertheless many a civilized man, or even boy, who never before risked his life for another, but full of courage and sympathy, has disregarded the instinct of self-preservation, and plunged at once into a torrent to save a drowning man, though a stranger. In this case man is impelled by the same instinctive motive, which made the heroic little American monkey, formerly described, save his keeper, by attacking the great and dreaded baboon. Such actions as the above appear to be the simple result of the greater strength of the social or maternal instincts than that of any other instinct or motive; for they are performed too instantaneously for reflection, or for pleasure or pain to be felt at the time; though, if prevented by any cause, distress or even misery might be felt. [Darwin, 1874, p. 110, thanks to Zitzer, 2016, p. 105. My emphasis]

The sheer brutal lie that “savages” do not help strangers is something difficult for me to comprehend because, as I mentioned, Darwin witnessed with his own eyes, when he was on HMS Beagle, that this is simply false. He would write that among “barbarians”, they do not regard the opinion of women and essentially treat them as slaves and, 

“Most savages are utterly indifferent to the sufferings of strangers, or even delight in witnessing them. It is well known that the women and children of the North-American Indians aided in torturing their enemies. Some savages take a horrid pleasure in cruelty to animals, and humanity with them is an unknown virtue.” [Darwin, 2013, p. 72. My emphasis]. 

How fascinating that savages cannot admire the heavens at night and the beautiful landscapes, but they sure do indulge and “delight” in witnessing torture. The desperation to prove that “savages” are immoral is evident. 

I have much more to share but I do not intend to write a large article. Leon Zitzer, whose book currently is the finest on this topic, wrote an 800-page tome listing many of Darwin’s racist views and refuting many of the nonsense that evangelical evolutionists, like AronRa, use to defend Darwin. Thus, this brief article of a few pages compared to the giant 800-page tome, is only meant to share the tip of the iceberg.

Let’s move on to his fifth point. AronRa claims that Darwin believed the extermination of the n. Australian race as “tragic”. However, if you look at the video [TS 17:00-11], AronRa highlights the words “After the famous hunt by all the colonists…”. This, according to AronRa, somehow proves Darwin felt tragic regarding the racial extermination the n. Australians witnessed. Needless to say, this proves nothing. You cannot extrapolate or justify in any way that those words prove Darwin felt deplored. It is simply talking about a famous (not infamous) hunt, that is all. What matters is not what Darwin said here, but rather, in what context the sentence appears in. Darwin wanted to prove that the “civilised” races are higher than the “savages”. To prove this point, he cites the “wonderful progress” of how colonists took over America as an example of natural selection [Darwin, 2013, p. 137; Darwin, 1874, p. 142] – If Darwin considered the extermination of the n. Americans as “wonderful progress”, then it is already doubtful he would consider the n. Australian genocide any different. Furthermore, Darwin used the proof of adaptability. The n. Australians were, according to the sentence AronRa cites, weak in terms of adaptability, compared to the Europeans and then he, Darwin, sadistically wrote that out of the 20,000 or 7000 n. Australians, only 120 remained. These 120 n. Australians were taken to Flinders Island from their home-land Tasmania, where the colonists,

“…well-treated…” 

the n. Australians. Yet despite the good treatment and despite their apparent healthiness, the n. Australians still died. [Darwin, 1874, p. 183. The concept of n. Americans and n. Australians losing out in the struggle for existence can also be found in Haeckel, 1880, p. 256. It’s as if Darwin copied Haeckel]. 

In other words, this sentence that AronRa desperately butchered out-of-context, was actually a statement by Darwin to prove that the n. Australians were incapable of adapting to other lands, unlike the colonisers who colonised and settled in Australia. Since they were weak against the colonists, their doom was certain according to natural selection, much like the native Americans, whose eradication was “wonderful progress.” In other places, Darwin said the extermination of the Australians from Tasmania has allowed Tasmania to “…enjoy the great advantage of being free from a native population.” [Zitzer, 2017, p. 10. My emphasis] 

The shameful suggestion that the n. Australians were “well-treated” after almost 20,000 or 7000 of their family members being systematically raped, tortured and slaughtered in front of their eyes is beyond despicable, morally outrages. Try to imagine a historian or a scientist or even AronRa talking of the Jews or blacks being “well-treated” by the Nazis in the extermination camps. The outrage is beyond comprehension.

There is more and is ultimately connected to his sixth point. AronRa blindly quotes Darwin [TS 17:39-42], who said near the end of The Voyage of the Beagle, 

“…I thank God, I shall never again visit a slave-country.” [Darwin. 1997 [1845], p. 473].

However, this sentence is at best for public consumption. Darwin had two diaries, one is the original handwritten diary and the other is the published edition which is heavily based on the handwritten diary – ultimately known as the Voyage of the Beagle. That sentence is not in the original diary but rather in the published edition. In a letter to Darwin’s former servant on the HMS Beagle, Syms Covington, who was living in Australia, Darwin wrote that he feared the goldrush from California would cause inflation in the UK and if this happens, then Darwin would “certainly emigrate” to Australia. This contradicts the statement that Darwin thanked God for not wanting to visit a slave-country. He clearly desired to go to Australia which, as Darwin himself wrote, was a place where genocides and slavery were occurring. But that is not all, the letter carries on,

“I am forced to live the life of a hermit, but natural history fills up my time, and I am happy in having an excellent wife and children. Any particulars you choose to tell me about yourself always interest me much. What interest can you get for money in a safe investment? How dear is food; I suppose nearly as dear as in England? How much land have you? I was pleased to see the other day that you have a railway commenced, and before they have one in any part of Italy or Turkey. The English certainly are a noble race, and a grand thing it is that we have got securely hold of Australia and New Zealand. Once again accept my thanks for your valuable collection of barnacles, and believe me, dear Covington, your sincere friend, C. DARWIN.” [Darwin to Covington, 23/11/1850. My emphasis].

To consider the colonisation of New Zealand and Australia as a “grand thing” is no different when Hitler believed it was a grand thing to exterminate those, he believed, to be racially inferior. Certainly, it contradicts AronRa’s claim that Darwin felt “tragic”. The words “How much land have you?” is the epitome of evil because where do you think the ‘land’ came from? There was at that time the myth that Australia was an empty land [Zitzer, 2017, p. 43-44], the same pernicious myth pushed by Zionists when speaking of Palestine [Pappe, ch. 1]. I do not believe Darwin believed in such a myth (or else his sadistic “evidence” that n. Australians are poorly adapted would be non-existent) but he certainly could write “How much land you have?” as if he’s corresponding with a native rather than a foreigner in a foreign land whose native peoples were exterminated to near extinction and is still being ruled by colonisers. 

How could Darwin talk about being “happy” with his wife and children but also write that the 120 n. Australians who witnessed their wives and children being exterminated in front of their eyes, were “well-treated” after they were forced into exile on a different island away from their ancestral home-land Tasmania?[1]

Darwin, near the end of his book on his voyage, wrote,

“It is impossible for an Englishman to behold these distant colonies without a high pride and satisfaction. To hoist the British flag, seems to draw with it as a certain consequence, wealth, prosperity, and civilisation.” [Darwin, 1997 [1845], p. 479].

So much for feeling tragic. 

In FPS video games, like Call of Duty or Battlefield, you kill to level up. Darwin could, unintentionally and indirectly, be considered the first FPS designer. For Darwin, when the “higher races of men”, like the Anglo-saxon race, become high enough, they will “spread & exterminate whole nations; & in consequence how much the Human race, viewed as a unit, will have risen in rank.” [read “rank” as “level up”. Letter from Darwin to Charles Kingsley, 6/2/1862; Zitzer, 2017, pp. 8-9. My emphasis].

What I have shared above is no different to what eminent scholars say on Darwin. There are mainly four: Leon Zitzer, Adrian Desmond, James Moore and Janet Browne. The best of them all is unquestionably Leon Zitzer. His 800-page tome (and a summary of that tome) is the finest when it comes to Darwin’s racism. Zitzer left almost nothing to look for. He navigated all of Darwin’s works, letters and notebooks and for such endeavour, I admire and recommend his work. I do differ on his views why Darwin considered slavery to be wrong after he converted to evolution but nevertheless nothing comes close to this magnificent and elaborate book. Zitzer wrote, as if he was replying to AronRa, that Darwin was,

“…rather coldly reciting the statistics that point towards the inevitable eradication of native population; no hint that he feels this is an injustice or mourns their loss.” [Zitzer, 2016, p. 565].

As for Adrian Desmond and James Moore, their book, Darwin’s Sacred Cause, does not exactly go into detail and thus fails to meet the standard of Zitzer’s. However, they do admit that Darwin believed that man is split into races [p. 116] “with the white man accorded the ‘best’ intellect… Already Darwin was accepting it as an evolutionary norm. Wedded so early to his evolutionary matrix, this supremacist image would itself be brought to justify later ethnic cleansing policies, however abhorrent to Darwin’s own humanitarian ideals.” [p. 148][2] They carry on saying Darwin was “biologizing colonial eradication, Darwin was making ‘racial’ extinction an inevitable evolutionary consequence.” [p.149]. Whilst James Prichard was busy warning the people of England about the genocide of the Australians, “Darwin was already naturalizing the cause and rationalizing the outcome.” [p. 151] and that the “Europeans were the agents of Evolution.” [Ibid]. To quote one last quote from their book, they said, 

“So the ideologue [Darwin] who was concerned with ending slavery ironically began naturalizing the competition of white minds with dark bodies.” [p. 147]

Despite many important information in this book, there are some comments I disagree with – especially with their conclusion that his abolitionist tendencies, his so-called “humanitarianism”, led Darwin to accept monogenism. On page 96, they concede Darwin was placing the races of men into a hierarchy but he did so only with “behaviour and morality, with their technological and civilizational consequences” but “not anatomically, like the phrenologists and pluralists.” Though pages later they also admit Darwin graded the races of man intellectually as I already mentioned. But as noted above, Darwin indeed did grade people anatomically, claiming that “some savages” have ape-like foot, or, which I did not mention above, the mammals have high sense of smell for the purpose of hunting or in warning them of danger. In man, on the other hand, the sense of smell is greatly reduced.

“But”, Darwin wrote, “the sense of smell is of extremely slight service, if any, even to savages, in whom it is generally more highly developed than in the civilised races.” [Darwin, 2013, p. 19. My emphasis] He carries on saying that the third eye-lid, which is “fairly well developed in the two lower divisions of the mammalian series…” is “somewhat larger in Negroes and Australians than in Europeans” [Ibid, pp. 18 and 27. My emphasis. Though Darwin got his ideas from many racist authors, it is undeniable that Ernst Haeckel had a major influence on him. Haeckel wrote “If we compare the uncivilized savages with civilized nations, we find among the former a development of the organs of sense—sight, smell, and hearing—such as civilized nations can hardly conceive of. On the other hand, the brain, that is mental activity, among more civilized nations is developed to a degree of which the wild savages have no idea. Once again it is as if Darwin simply copied Haeckel. Haeckel, 1880, p. 249]]. 

The most explicit and clear example of grading people anatomically comes from a sentence which AronRa thinks is not racist. Let us first know the context. Darwin was responding to a charge he heard countless times, the classic creationist argument: if-evolution-is-true, then-why-are-there-no-missing links? or as Darwin noted,

“The great break in the organic chain between man and his nearest allies [i.e. apes/monkeys], which cannot be bridged over by any extinct or living species, has often been advanced as a grave objection to the belief that man is descended from some lower form; but this objection will not appear of much weight to those who, convinced by general reasons, believe in the general principle of evolution. Breaks incessantly occur in all parts of the series, some being wide, sharp and defined [An omen of things to come, especially Stephen Jay Gould and his “punctuated equilibrium” theory], others less so in various degrees [the future “Neo-Darwinism”]…”

Up until now, there is nothing that may appear to grade blacks near apes, gorillas specifically, but I just wished to note that Darwin’s mixture of both Neo-Darwinism and Punctuated Equilibrium is a fascinating detail, something Stephen J. Gould noted before [Gould, 2002]. Also, since the context is regarding missing links, then it is clearly referring to fossils, or in other words, anatomy. Darwin carries on,

“At some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilised races of man will almost certainly exterminate and replace throughout the world the savage races. At the same time the anthropomorphous apes, as Professor Schaaffhausen has remarked, will no doubt be exterminated. The break will then be rendered wider, for it will intervene between man in a more civilised state, as we may hope, than the Caucasian, and some ape as low as a baboon, instead of as present between the negro or Australian and the gorilla.” [Darwin, 2013, p. 154-55. My emphasis].

I, once again, believe I do not need to explain this crave for the blood of blacks and Australians as racist but note how he says that the current “break” is between a “negro or Australian” and the “gorilla”. If the “civilised races” exterminate the “savages”, along with the poor apes, then the break will be rendered wider, from Caucasian to baboon. Somehow AronRa cannot detect the appetite for blood and explicit racism in these words. All you need to do is replace “civilised races” with “Aryans” and “savages” with “Jews” and you got the recipe for Hitler’s ideological desire, yet Hitler is evil but Darwin, according to Gould, was simply being “paternalistic” towards the blacks. How on Earth did Gould reach such a conclusion boggles the mind. [Zitzer, 2017, pp. 7-8] 

All of this, and others I did not mention, simply contradicts Desmond and Moore’s claim that Darwin did not grade people by anatomy. For Darwin everything must be explained – even the skin colour (Darwin considered the black skin an example of “savagery”; he cited the example of a white sheep “reverting” back to a black sheep as an “injurious character which tend to reappear through reversion…”!  Of course, “injurious characters” will be “eliminated”. Not even the sheep are safe from Darwin’s obsessive racism! [Darwin, 2013, p. 133 and 10. My emphasis]).

But despite this error and a few others, I still highly recommend Darwin’s Sacred Cause for they concede many points AronRa hopelessly tries to deny. Of course, their biography on Charles Darwin is also recommended. They unambiguously concede that Social Darwinism is part and parcel of Darwin’s theory and not a different idea forced on Darwin’s theory. 

“’Social Darwinism’ is often taken to be something extraneous, an ugly concretion added to the pure Darwinian corpus after the event, tarnishing Darwin’s image. But his notebooks make plain that competition, free trade, imperialism, racial extermination, and sexual inequality were written into the equation from the start – ‘Darwinism’ was always intended to explain human society” [Desmond & Moore, 1992, p. xix. My emphasis]

Finally, coming to the last author, Janet Browne. Her two biographical volumes on Darwin are amazing but what matters here is her introduction to Darwin’s Descent of Man published by Wordsworth Classics of World Literature in 2013. She, too, notes the racism within Darwin’s works and “there can be no denying the impact of his work in providing a biological backing for notions of racial superiority, reproductive constraints, gendered typologies and class distinctions.” But she insists that you cannot blame Darwin for all the prejudices that appeared after Darwin – fair enough, I agree that that is the best analysis you can ever reach. 

In the bibliography, I listed a few more works I did not cite here but I believe are important to read regarding Darwin’s life and racism (though, once again, I disagree with certain points different authors make but nevertheless, minor differences do not negate the evident fact that Darwin was a racist). I also added von L. Trinkwalter’s sociology textbook used in Nazi schools and finally a few articles on eugenics. More could be said but space does not allow that.

Summary

I want to summarise this article by simply reiterating two unassailable facts, which are, that Hitler was an evolutionist and indeed Darwin was a racist. There is no need to rely on evangelical websites whose mission is to defend Darwin instead of the truth. 

I wish to end this article on a somewhat better note with a story from Heinrich Heine. I felt happy hearing AronRa speaking of the book burnings the Nazi regime committed in the first half of 1933 (although it is evident he had no idea in which year the event he spoke of occurred. For more information, see Evans, ch. 6; Kershaw, vol 1, ch. 11). In one of the spots where the book burnings took place, in Berlin if I’m not mistaken, a memorial was set up after the collapse of the Nazi regime with Heine’s verse from a play saying,

“Dort, wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man am Ende auch Menschen”

“Wherever they burn books, in the end will also burn human beings”

Many take these words as some sort of a prediction of the future since those words were written a century before the rise of Nazism, however, it is no prediction. Those words were referring to the past, more specifically, to Andalusia – Muslim Spain. The collapse of Andalusia is, needless to say, a disaster which was followed up by racial extermination and forced conversions at the hands of the Catholics [Carr, 2017], something that even Darwin admitted though indirectly contradicted his thesis [Darwin, 2013, p. 137 – Darwin was not lamenting at the extermination per se but was lamenting at the fact that the intellectuals were killed at the hands of the Catholics. Yet those who were killed were mainly Muslims, the very people who Darwin associated their mental faculties with that of a dog. Not any dog, but his own dog. [Darwin, 2013, p. 50-51]]. 

That sentence appears in Heinrich Heine’s play Almansor which is set in 1492 when the Catholics finally, after centuries of persistent persecution of Jews and Muslims, took over the whole Iberian Peninsula – hence why Catholicism is the major faith in Spain today. The protagonist was Al Mansur (the play is named after him) who had the intention to marry his beloved, Zuleima. Alas, Spain was lost and Zuleima, among others, was captured and forced to convert to Catholicism and then she was forced to marry a Catholic by the name of Don Enrique. The marriage was going to take place at some future period. Amid all the disasters going on in the background, news reached Al Mansur that the Catholics were not only violating the chastity of women, but they were also burning Qurans. That is when the famous quote, “Wherever they burn books, in the end will also burn human beings” appears. Without question, many martyrs were indeed burnt at the stake. [Green, 2007; Baigent & Leigh, 2000]. News also reached him that his beloved was forced into marriage and thus Al Mansur gathered a group of Muslims to attack the Christians at the wedding party and ultimately rescue Zuleima. Mission was successful; Don Enrique was injured; Zuleima lost her consciousness momentarily. Then Al Mansur heroically carries Zuleima between his arms on a high cliff and she regains her consciousness but she believes she is in paradise since she is surrounded by a beautiful landscape – something she allegedly cannot “admire” as Darwin wants you to believe – whilst being carried by her beloved. She said,

“I am in heaven and best of all

Almansor is with me and here in Heaven

You need no deceptive arts

And freely I can declare, I love you

I love you, I love you Almansor!” 

Almansur replies,

“I knew it all along, you loved me still

More than you yourself. The Nightingale has

Whispered it, the Rose has laid it upon the scented air,

A breeze has wafted it upon my ear

And every might I read it clear

In the Blue Book with Golden Letters.”

She finally replies,

“No! No! The man of piety [Prophet Muhammad] has told no lie

It is so wonderful in this lovely heavenly realm!

Enclose me in your dear arms.

And cradle me upon your soft lap.

And let me, immersed in ecstasy

Rest a thousand years in this Heaven in the Sky!”

I did say I wanted to end the article with Heinrich Heine’s story of Almansor but I will end it with one last quote by Heine. Heine, who was a Jew, sent a letter to his friend Moses Moser saying that the Prophet Muhammad was the best poet who no one surpassed and,

“I must admit that you, great Prophet of Mecca, are the greatest Poet and your Qur’an, though I only know it in Boysen’s translation, will not easily escape my memory.” [Reeves, 2003, pp. 227-8. I thank Abdullah Quilliam for bringing to my attention of Heinrich Heine’s alleged conversion to Christianity which Quilliam denounced as a myth Christians try to desperately believe in – “And yet there are thousands of Christians in the British Isles who subscribe large sums of money to support schemes for the Conversion of the Jews! Verily, verily, “a fool and his money are soon parted.” See Quilliam, 1893, vol. 1, No. 19].

Appendix 

This small table illustrates how Darwin split mankind. The inspiration came from Jahoda’s book in which he illustrates how Georges Romanes – who was “Darwin’s leading protégé” and metaphorically took Darwin as “his new deity” [Desmond & Moore, 1992, p. 632] – split man and animals in their respective intellectual “developmental phases” [Jahoda, p. 163].

Darwin essentially speaks of two broad human races, savage races near the bottom and civilised races at the top. He constantly compared the two indefinitely. It appears that Darwin uses “savages” & “lowest savages” and “barbarian” & “lowest barbarian” interchangeably, if that is so, then the term “lowest” serves as racial degradation instead of a taxonomic classification. 

In chapter two, Darwin ranks the n. Australians as the “lowest savages” [Darwin, 2013, pp. 29 & 48] and the Fuegians as the lowest barbarians – “The Fuegians rank amongst the lowest barbarians….” [Ibid, p. 29. See also Darwin, 1997, p. 412]. Ranking races was not enough, he would even wish that he evolved directly from a “heroic little monkey” instead of a “savage who delights to torture his enemies, offers up bloody sacrifices, practices infanticide without remorse, treats his wives like slaves, knows no decency, and is haunted by the grossest superstitions.” Such wild superstitions and xenophobia influenced Darwin’s ideas. [Ibid, p. 646]  

It must be noted that there could be a possibility that the “barbarians” are higher than the “savages” but for the purpose of simplicity and based on the best of my ability after reading the Descent, it appears that the “barbarians” are lower than the “savages”.

Classification	Where to find in Darwin, 2013	How many times it appears
Civilised	19, 20, 29 and more.	55 (in the 2nd ed. it increased to around 100).
Semi-civilised	72 and 140.	2
Savages	19, 48, 51 and more.	The most repeated term, 64 (in 2nd ed. it exploded to around 250).
Lowest savages	29, 30, 125 and 180.	4
Barbarians	30, 49, 67 and more.	9 (could be 8 simply because in one instance it seems that Darwin was using it as an insult indirectly towards the Ottomans)
Lowest barbarians	29 and 72.	2
Primeval man (extinct)	42, 44, 74 and more.	9
Semi-human (extinct)	95, 129 and 138.	3

Notes

1. Randal Keynes, who is Darwin’s great great-grandson, wrote in his book Darwin, His Daughter & Human Evolution that Charles Darwin wrote a letter to his cousin, William Darwin Fox, in which Darwin “fancied” to live in “the middle states of North America.” [Keynes, p. 118]. However, I could not locate that letter on Darwin Correspondence Project. Nevertheless, if it is true then it is no different to when Darwin fancied to emigrate to Australia. Thus, Darwin desired two most slave-countries to emigrate to; praised colonialism and many more, which blatantly contradicts his statement when he “thanked” God for not wanting to visit a slave-country. For those two reasons I believe his words in his Voyage are at best for public consumption. That does not mean Darwin did not abhor slavery, he certainly did, but only at a minimal level. It would be a historic fallacy to judge an abolitionist of that time with current perceived understanding of an abolitionist. 
2. Their claim that Darwin’s “humanitarian ideals” were different to the “later” ethnic cleansing policies contradicts Darwin’s words of “wonderful progress” and “grand thing”. However, they are not wrong that Darwin’s belief led to ethnic cleansing, which they already said in their biography of Darwin [1992]. Another meaning to the alleged “humanitarianism” of Darwin is, as they claimed in Darwin’s Sacred Cause, is that Darwin’s abolitionism led to Darwin believing in monogenism – or you could summarise their contention as abolitionism beget monogenism. Therefore, anyone who used Darwin’s theory of evolution in the polygenistic way went against Darwin’s “humanitarian ideals”. However, the evidence of Darwin being led to monogenism by his (minimal) abolitionism is flimsy, hard to believe and has been severely criticised. [Esterson, 2013; Zitzer 2016 and 2017] This is not their first time arguing that abolitionism led to monogenism. In 2004, in their Introduction to the second edition of Descent of Man published by Penguin, they repeated that. The usage of morality/emotion as Darwin’s driving force to formulate a particular theory was attempted by Randal Keynes in his Darwin, His Daughter & Human Evolution. However, both attempts have been unsuccessful. [van Wyhe & Pallen, 2012].

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